The Bechdel Test at 50

The Bechdel test asks one cheap question of a movie. Does it have two named women who talk to each other about something other than a man? It is a low bar. Almost any film about actual people should clear it without trying. Across 1,794 films from 1970 to 2013, 44.8% do not.

That shape is the whole story. The pass rate roughly doubled across the first thirty years, then ran into a ceiling around the halfway mark and stayed there. The bar did not get harder. The industry just stopped clearing it any faster.

The data is FiveThirtyEight’s Bechdel-test set: 1,794 films scored PASS or FAIL on the binary test, with budget and gross figures, and crucially with an inflation-adjusted budget column in 2013 dollars. That adjustment matters, and I come back to it.

The trend: real gains, then a plateau

Group the films by decade and the climb is plain.

• 1970s: 25.9% (n=54)
• 1980s: 28.8% (n=125)
• 1990s: 43.6% (n=337)
• 2000s: 48.7% (n=840)
• 2010s: 45.0% (n=438)

The 1990s did the heavy lifting, a fifteen-point jump over the 1980s. After that the line goes flat. The peak decade is the 2000s at 48.7%, and the 2010s come in slightly below it at 45.0%. The early decades carry small samples, so I would not read the 1970s number to the decimal. The plateau, though, sits on the densest part of the data: the 2000s alone hold 840 films. A drop built on that many movies is not noise.

I should be honest about what the flatness is not. It is not a decline. The rate did not fall off a cliff in the 2010s. It stopped rising, which after thirty years of gains is its own kind of news.

The kicker: money predicts failure

Here is the part I did not expect. Split the films into four equal groups by budget, smallest to largest, and the pass rate slides straight down.

The smallest-budget quarter passes 51.9% of the time. The largest passes 33.2%. That is an 18.7 point gap, and it moves in one direction the whole way down. The two cheaper quartiles sit above half; the two pricier ones sink below it.

A budget is a row of zeros, but it is also a room full of people deciding what a story is allowed to be. The more money on the table, the more that room hedges toward a hero, usually a man, and the supporting women orbit him. Picture the budget as a gravity well: the bigger it gets, the more the whole cast bends toward a single center.

The relationship holds when I model it directly. A logistic regression of pass on log budget gives an odds ratio of 0.665 per tenfold increase in budget, with a p-value well below 0.001. Every order of magnitude you spend cuts the odds of passing by roughly a third. The point-biserial correlation between passing and log budget is -0.12, modest but real at the same significance.

You can also read it the other way around. The median failing film cost 44 million dollars to make; the median passing film cost 31 million.

Failure is the more expensive habit. The films that leave women out of their own plots are, on average, the ones the industry bet the most on.

The honest caveat about the money

I used the inflation-adjusted budget column, not the raw one, and that choice is load-bearing. A 20 million dollar film in 1975 and a 20 million dollar film in 2010 are not the same film, and comparing their raw budgets would smuggle four decades of inflation into the budget signal. The 2013-dollar column removes that. When I rerun the quartile split on raw, unadjusted budgets the gap survives, but the adjusted figure is the one I trust, because it is the only one where the four quartiles mean the same thing across the whole span.

This is also one scoring system on a curated list, not a census of cinema. The binary test is blunt by design, and the sample skews toward films with budget and box-office data worth recording. So read these as the shape of a large, well-known sample, not a verdict on every movie ever shot.

The test was never the point. It is a tripwire, and the wire is set ankle-high. What the data shows is an industry that learned to step over it through the 1990s, stopped improving around the turn of the century, and still trips most reliably on exactly the films it spends the most to make.